Air strikes by the Syrian government on a rebel-held enclave have continued despite a ceasefire resolution passed by the UN Security Council on Friday.
Hundreds of people have died in a week of bombardment of the Eastern Ghouta enclave near the capital, Damascus.
The latest attacks include a ground offensive that began hours after the UN urged a 30-day truce "without delay".
On Sunday, France and Germany called on Russia to put pressure on the Syrian government to honour the ceasefire.
Speaking to Russian President Vladimir Putin in a joint telephone conversation, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Emmanuel Macron asked for help with implementing the UN resolution.
The UN resolution was agreed to allow for aid deliveries and medical evacuations , but operations against the biggest jihadist rebel groups are not covered by the truce.
The region is the last major rebel-held area near the capital Damascus.
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What happened on Sunday?
Government air strikes took place in the rebel enclave soon after the resolution was agreed in New York, although at far lower level than in previous days.
At least three people are reported to have died in the latest attacks, while one rebel group in the Eastern Ghouta said it had killed a number of government soldiers.
The strikes targeted the outskirts of Douma, the main town in the Eastern Ghouta, the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) said.
The SOHR also reported several casualties on both sides after Syrian government forces clashed with rebels in southern areas of the enclave.
Syrian forces on the ground are pushing to enter the Eastern Ghouta, both opposition and pro-government sources said on Sunday.
The government has been trying to advance into the rebel-held area on several fronts but its forces have so far been repelled, rebel groups say.
Meanwhile, Iran said that while it would "adhere" to the ceasefire, it would continue its military operations in areas around Damascus that were not covered, Reuters news agency reports.
"As the text says, parts of the suburbs of Damascus, which are specifically controlled by the terrorists of the Nusra Front and other terrorist groups, are not subject to ceasefire," Iran's military chief of staff, Maj Gen Mohammad Baqeri, is quoted as saying.
Iran, along with Russia, is a key supporter of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and has played a vital role in enabling him to recapture territory across the country.
Who are the rebels not included in truce?
Rebels operating in the Eastern Ghouta include a variety of factions, and in-fighting between them has led to past losses of ground to the Syrian government.
The draft resolution had said that the ceasefire would not apply to operations against the Islamic State (IS) group, al-Qaeda and the Nusra Front.
The Nusra Front is a former al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria which leads an alliance of factions under the name of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS).
The Syrian government says its attempts to recapture the Eastern Ghouta are directly due to the HTS presence there.
How bad is the situation in the Eastern Ghouta?
UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres has said the situation in the Eastern Ghouta is like "hell on Earth".
On Sunday, Pope Francis said the violence was "inhuman" and called for an immediate halt to the deadly bombardment to allow access for humanitarian aid.
Barrel bombs and shells have been dropped on the area, where some 393,000 people remain trapped.
While hundreds of people are said to have been killed in assaults by government forces since last Sunday, rebels firing on Damascus have reportedly killed at least 16 civilians.
Aid groups also report several hospitals being put out of action.
The Syrian government has repeatedly denied targeting civilians and said it is trying to liberate the Eastern Ghouta from "terrorists" - a term it has used to describe both the jihadist militants and the mainstream rebel groups that hold the enclave.
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